Organic Qualitative Analysis : A Systematic and Conceptual Approach (Separation and Identification of Organic Compounds)

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The analysis and identification of unknown constitutes present in organic compounds is a very important aspect of experimental organic chemistry. Frequently, a common preliminary step in the identification of an unknown substance is to determine what elements are present in the sample. The organic chemist has paid their more consideration on separation, purification and identification of compounds using variety of techniques, some of which are backdated to the very beginnings of chemistry as a science, and others that are very modern and often involve instrumentation of some sort. Earlier, it was very difficult to sort of elements and compounds in the days before the machines entered the picture. Chemists paid lot of effort on remembering possible chemical tests and their results is a feat of some magnitude.

Qualitative analysis of an unknown organic compound is a fundamental part of the chemistry curriculum for the undergraduate and postgraduate students of all most universities. An unknown organic compound is analyzed by performing preliminary tests, element detection, functional group detection and preparation of a suitable derivative. Additionally, results obtained from the above tests will confirmed through certain specific confirmation tests. This kind of exercise delivers an opportunity to students to learn a systematic and logical approach to a problem in the laboratory and consequently take up a inspiring career in isolation, characterization and synthesis of new compounds that are beneficial for mankind. It is very beneficial to the students when they can understand correlation between the experimental works performed in the laboratory and the theoretical chemistry studied in the organic lecture classes. Conventionally, the preliminary tests and functional groups detection are carried out by performing chemical tests in test tubes.

In this process of testing, considerable quantities of waste are produced. This waste is a complex mixture of compounds, difficult to isolate or reuse, and its commercial disposal suffers a vast expense. Many thousands of undergraduate and postgraduate students study chemistry each year, and, at a rough estimate, each student produces near about 225 g/year of the waste while performing qualitative organic analysis.

Perturbed by these facts, numerous academicians have made a concerted effort to reduce the quantities of waste generated and to replace the commonly used procedure for spot tests. The reagents used in the spot tests are the same as in the conventional analysis and are relatively inexpensive and easily available. For greener approach they follow the ‘three R’ formula i.e. reduce, reuse and recycle and microanalysis. Literature consists with several reports on such greener, cost and west efficient approaches but still are not much generalized at college level. The curriculum of almost all universities in India followed same traditional methods for the mixture separation and analysis. Herein, there was need of sincere devotion towards the improvement and upgrading the curriculum of academic institutes. We acquired this opportunity and decided to summarize such greener approaches in simple format, made it more familiar to the rural chemistry students.

In this book, we have simplified and collective representation of preliminary tests. The improved alternative to the Lassaignes test for the detection of elements (N, S and X= Cl, I, Br), Baeyer’s test for unsaturation and the tests for various functional groups present in organic compounds are listed along with traditional tests. The modified tests are simple, eco-friendly, cost proficient, energy and time-efficient. Initially, we have concise general guidelines, laboratory safety, first aid and do’s and dont’s in the chemistry laboratory, safe disposal of waste chemicals. In the second chapter, we have focused on fundamental concepts, separation and purification techniques applied during the qualitative analysis of organic mixture. The next upcoming chapters include preliminary tests, element detection tests and tests for identification and separation of compounds based on functional groups. We have discussed not only tests but also give respective reactions and proper reasoning for conditions of reactions. Furthermore, preparation of derivatives of common functional groups and compounds have covered. In the view of recent advancement in techniques of qualitative analysis of organic mixture, we have focused on microanalysis. As a final point, we summarized the procedure to solution preparation, normality, molarity concepts and the table consistsof a list of compounds with their melting point and respective derivative.

I hope my exercise may help to understand concepts of qualitative analysis of organic mixture. I have tried my best to make it simpler and more informative. The chemical reactions with proper reasoning, posters & charts for separation of mixture and modern techniques for analysis, are the key points of this book. Please, give your significant suggestions and overview on sushilrswami@gmail.com, which may help me to improve my abilities.

Dr. Sushil Ramakant Mathapati

Email:
City: Murum

Sushil R. Mathapati, the author of this book, is currently working as assistant professor at Department of Chemistry, Shri Madhavrao Patil Mahavidyalaya, Murum, affiliated to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar University, Aurangabad. He is a renowned academician and researcher in the chemistry disciplines. He has pursued Ph.D. degree along with SET, NET and GATE credentials. He has published one Indian patent along with 40 research articles in reputed journals. In addition to it, he has actively participated in number of conferences and presented his research work. Synthesis of heterocycles, design an efficient protocol for bioactive molecules, catalysis are the research interest area of author. He is more enjoying in academic activities and give devotion to framework concept of organic chemistry in the form of charts and flow diagrams. He has contributed in E-content enlargement and uploaded several charts on qualitative analysis of organic mixture, which helps to sustain the interest and conceptual understanding of students. This is third and first sole author book based on practical approach in organic chemistry.