Advanced Physics – Quantum Mechanics, Solid State Physics and Ancient Indian Astronomy

“Advanced Physics: Quantum Mechanics, Solid State Physics and Ancient Indian Astronomy.” This textbook is specially designed according to the NEP 2020 pattern and helps students understand important concepts of modern physics in a simple and clear way.

The book covers important topics such as Quantum Mechanics, Solid State Physics, and Ancient Indian Astronomy. Quantum Mechanics helps students understand the behaviour of matter and energy at the very small level. Solid State Physics explains the properties and behaviour of solid materials and their importance in modern technology.

A special feature of this book is the inclusion of Ancient Indian Astronomy under Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS). It introduces students to the scientific ideas and astronomical knowledge developed in ancient India. This helps students understand the connection between Indian scientific heritage and modern science.

The book is prepared to improve conceptual understanding, scientific thinking, and practical knowledge. It encourages students to learn physics with curiosity and develop a scientific attitude.

Advanced Physics is useful for students who want to build a strong foundation in physics while also learning about India’s rich scientific and astronomical heritage. It supports NEP 2020-based learning and provides a balanced view of traditional knowledge and modern scientific concepts.

CONTENTS

Part - A
Quantum Mechanics

1. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics

Introduction, Brief discussion on failure of classical physics to explain black body radiation (Black body Radiation), Planck's Quantum Hypothesis, hotoelectric effect, Compton effect, Compton scattering: Expression for Compton shift (With derivation). Matter waves: de Broglie hypothesis of matter waves, Wave particle duality, de Broglie Wave, Wave description of particles by wave packets, Group and Phase velocities and relation between them, Experimental evidence for matter waves: Davisson- Germer experiment, G.P Thomson experiment. Heisenberg uncertainty relation between momentum and position, energy and time; Illustration of uncertainty principle by Gamma ray microscope-thought experiment, Consequences of the uncertainty relations: Diffraction of electrons at a single slit

2. Schrodinger Equation

Introduction, Wave Function & its Physics interpretation, Time dependent Schrodinger Equation, Time independent Schrodinger equation and stationary states, operators in quantum mechanics (position, momentum, angular momentum, time and energy), postulates of quantum mechanics, expectation value, eigen functions and eigenvalues, Ehrenfest's theorem.

3. Applications of Quantum Mechanics

Introduction, The particle in a box: energy quantization, The particle in a box: wave functions, The particle in a box: Momentum Quantization, The Harmonic Oscillator, The Harmonic Oscillator-Energy level, The particle in a three-dimensional box.

4. Quantum Theory of Hydrogen Atom

Introduction, Schrödinger's equation for the Hydrogen Atom in spherical polar coordinates, separation of Variables, ground state of the Hydrogen atom, solution of the radial wave function, interpretation of the Quantum: Principal quantum number or total quantum number, orbital quantum number, magnetic quantum number, spin quantum number.

Part - B
Solid State Physics

1. Crystal Structure

Introduction, Crystal Lattices and Translation vectors, Unit cell, Basis, Symmetry operations, Point groups, space group, Types of lattices, lattice directions and planes, interplanar spacing, Simple crystal structure (HCP, FCC, BCC, SC), Structure of Diamond, NaCl, Problems.

2. Bonding in Solids and X-Ray Diffraction

Inter atomic forces and types of bonding, ionic bond, covalent bond, metallic bond, hydrogen bond, Vander-waal's bond. X-ray diffraction, Bragg's law, Laue's method, Rotating crystal method, Powder method, Reciprocal lattice, Reciprocal lattice to SC, BCC and FCC lattices, Properties of reciprocal lattice.

3. Thermal Properties of Solids

Specific heat of gases, Specific heat of solids, Classical theory of Lattice heat Capacity, Einstein's theory of heat Capacity, Debye's theory of specific heat of solids, Limitations of Debye model.

4. Free Electron Theory of Metals

The outstanding properties of metals, Drude-Lorentz theory, Thermal conductivity, Electrical conductivity, Widemann- Franz relation, Sommerfeld Model, Electrical conductivity and Ohms law, Electronic specific heat, Thermionic emission, escape of electrons from metal, Superconductivity: Introduction and historical development, Meissner effect, BCS Theory.

Part - C
Introduction to Ancient Indian Astronomy

1. Ancient Indian Astronomy

Introduction, Ancient Indian Astronomy, The Vedic Period and Vedangajyotisa, Siddhanta, Aryabhata I (1476 AD), Astronomers after Aryabhata, Contents of the Siddhantas: Madhyamadhikara, Spastadhikara, Triprasnadhikara, Chandra- and Surya-Grahanadhikara, Continuity in Astronomical Tradition.

2. Celestial Sphere

Introduction, Diurnal Motion of Celestial Bodies, Motion of Celestial Bodies Relative to Stars, Celestial Horizon, Meridian, Pole Star and Directions, Zodiac and Constellations, Equator and Poles (Visuvad Vitta and Dhruva), Latitude of a Place and Altitude of Pole Star, Ecliptic and The Equinoxes.

3. Time in Indian Astronomy

Introduction, Civil Day and Sidereal Day Solar Year and Civil Calendar, Solar Month and Lunar Month, Luni-Solar Year (or Lunar Year), Adhikamasa and Ksayamasa, Rutus (Seasons), Yuga System, Indian Eras Kali Era, Vikrama Saka, Salivahan Saka, Kollam Era, Time on Microcosmic Scale.

4. Calendars and Indian Pachanga

Introduction, Hindu Calendar Luni Solar Calendar, Solar Calendar, Hindu Festivals, Calendar and Indian Pachanga, Pachanga, Tithi, Naksatra, Yoga, Karana, Vara.